Population genetic history of the North Caucasus and adjacent steppe territory in the Bronze Age

Abstract

Introduction. The Caucasus, located at the crossroads of Europe and Western Asia, has long served as a major migratory and cultural bridge between regions. Advances in paleogenetic methods have enabled the integration of archaeological and genetic data, allowing for a more detailed reconstruction of the formation and interactions of ancient populations. This study aims to review and systematize the results of paleogenetic research on the North Caucasus, focusing on the genetic structure and interrelations of Bronze Age populations.

Materials and methods. The review is based on recent publications that include whole-genome data and analyses of uniparental markers fr om ancient populations of the Caucasus. The studies considered employ principal component analysis, Admixture modeling, and qpAdm methods to identify sources of genetic ancestry and migration directions. Particular attention is given to tracing genetic continuity among the Maykop, North Caucasian, and Koban cultures.

Results and discussion. A synthesis of published data indicates that during the Bronze Age, the population of the North Caucasus was structured into two major genetic clusters–steppe and piedmont. The reviewed studies reveal varying proportions of Near Eastern, Anatolian, and steppe ancestry components, reflecting complex migration patterns and regional diversity. The cumulative evidence demonstrates genetic continuity among Bronze Age cultures and the gradual formation of a stable population structure in the region.

Conclusion. The summarized paleogenetic data from the North Caucasus Bronze Age suggest genetic continuity among ancient populations in a region wh ere successive archaeological cultures shared a common genetic background. Further investigation of subsequent periods using advanced paleogenomic and interdisciplinary approaches is essential to refine our understanding of genetic relationships among ancient groups and to uncover new aspects of the demographic history of the North Caucasus.

Acknowledgments. The work was supported by the State Assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Agreement No. 075-03-2025-407/2 dated March 27, 2025.

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